Introduction

There are 12 million people with hearing loss across the UK and this is expected to increase to 14.2 million by 2035. Hearing impairment can have a major impact on daily functioning and quality of life. It can affect communication, social interactions and work leading to loneliness, emotional distress and depression. The toolkit supports GPs and GP trainees to implement the latest NICE guidelines and NHS Accessibility Quality Standard and guidance across the UK. The resources developed aim to educate GPs and trainees on Deafness and hearing loss, help reduce variations in accessibility to GP practices and ensure Deafness and hearing loss are considered across all aspects of primary care activity including consultations and continued care.

The RCGP Deafness and hearing loss project team, led by Dr Devina Maru, RCGP Clinical Champion for Deafness and hearing loss, collaborated with The Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) and NHS England and Improvement in developing the toolkit. This project was funded, thanks to an external educational grant from the British Irish Hearing Manufacturers Association (BIHIMA) in accordance with the RCGP’s sponsorship policy.

Resources include an Essential Knowledge Update (EKU) Screencast, GPVTS Teaching Powerpoint, Podcasts, EKU Online eLearning Module, RCGP Accredited Deaf Awareness Online Course, Hearing Friendly Practice Animation Video and much more.

RCGP webinar: Deafness and hearing loss: changing mindsets, March 2024

Overview and facts

Terminology

These are generally accepted definitions for a person’s hearing loss but please note definitions are not always clear cut.

Regardless of how they identify, individuals may use a combination sign language, speech, hearing aids, cochlear implants, lip reading (synonymously used with speech reading) etc. to communicate effectively. Also, they may or may not use their voice.

• deaf (lower case ‘d’) - people who have hearing loss, whether at birth or acquired later through injury, disease or associated with ageing. They may communicate orally and may also be users of sign language.
• Deaf (upper case ‘D’) - deaf individuals who identify as being part of the Deaf community and who communicate almost exclusively with sign language.
• Hard of hearing - people who have lost some but not all hearing.
• Hearing impaired - anyone with any level of hearing loss.
• Acquired hearing loss - people who were born with hearing but have lost some or all of their hearing.
• Congenital hearing loss - born with hearing loss which may become progressively worse.
• Deafened - people who were born with hearing and have lost most or all of their hearing later in life.

References

• Hearing Link: Facts about deafness and hearing loss
• UCL: Deaf Awareness - Online Training for Doctors

Facts and figures

• Globally, over 80% of ear and hearing care needs remain unmet. Over 5% of the world’s population (430 million people) require rehabilitation to address their disabling hearing loss.
• 12 million adults in the UK are deaf, have hearing loss or tinnitus. That is roughly 10.1 million people in England, 1 million people in Scotland, 610,000 people in Wales and 320,000 people in Northern Ireland.
• By 2035, we estimate there’ll be around 14.2 million adults with hearing loss greater than 25 dB HL across the UK.
• 6.7 million could benefit from hearing aids but only about two million people use them.
• Unassisted hearing loss have a significant impact on older people leading to social isolation, depression, reduced quality of life and loss of independence and mobility.
• About 12,000 people in the UK use cochlear implants.
• Many people with hearing loss also have tinnitus which affects one in 10 adults. They may also have balance difficulties.
• Evidence suggests that people wait on average 10 years before seeking help for their hearing loss.
• The employment rate for those with hearing loss is 65%, compared to 79% of people with no long-term health issue or disability.
• Recent estimates suggest that the UK economy loses £25 billion a year in lost productivity and unemployment due to hearing loss.

References

• Hearing Link: facts about deafness and hearing loss
• WHO: Deafness and hearing loss - key facts
• RNID: Facts and figures

Legislation

There are legal requirements around disability rights and access.

Accessible Information Standard (AIS)

From August 2016, all NHS care or other publicly funded adult social care providers must meet the terms of the Accessible Information Standard (section 250 of the Health and Social Care Act 2012).

This legislation is designed to ensure that people with disabilities, impairments or sensory loss can get information in a form they can access and understand and are provided by health and social care providers with the professional communication support services they require.

During CQC inspections, five steps of Accessible Information Standard will be looked at by talking to the staff and people using the service and asking providers how they are meeting the AIS through annual provider information requests/collections:

• Identify
• Record
• Flag
• Share
• Meet

Equality Act 2010

Equality Act 2010 (applies in England, Wales, Scotland) combined and replaced previous discrimination legislation, including the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 still remains in Northern Ireland. It offers protection against discrimination to those with protected characteristics. These include age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, and pregnancy and maternity.

Deafness and Hearing Loss is a disability. To ensure disabled people can use services to a similar standard (as much as possible) as their non-disabled counterparts, service providers are required to make reasonable adjustments.

Recognition of British Sign Language (BSL)

The British Government on 18 March 2003 made a formal statement recognising BSL as a language in its own right.

The British Sign Language (Scotland) Act 2015 acted to promote the use of BSL and making provision for the preparation and publication of a British Sign Language National Plan for Scotland.

The UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (121 KB PDF) includes specific mention of rights to sign language use.

Research

• Access All Areas Report [PDF] - report into the experiences of people with hearing loss when accessing healthcare including contacting their GP surgery, consultations with medical staff and access to pharmacies.
• Hearing Matters Report [PDF] - report analysing the scale and impact of hearing loss in the UK and sets out what needs to be done by Government in tackling hearing loss.
• Sick of It Report - how the health service is failing Deaf people and suggestions as a 'prescription for change'.

Preventing Hearing Loss

A decibel dB, is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound – 85dBA and above is the level at which noise becomes unsafe without the use of hearing protection

The ‘dosage’ of noise exposure is dependent on two main things:

1. the ‘volume’ or intensity of the noise
2. the time or duration of the exposure to that noise.

The British Tinnitus Association has produced some guidance on 'how loud is loud'.

Identifying loud noise

1. If you have to shout to be heard by somebody around a metre away, the background noise is loud enough to be potentially damaging.
2. If your hearing is dulled after exposing yourself to noise, then your hearing has been damaged. This may be temporary, but if you expose yourself repeatedly to these situations, the damage may become permanent.
3. If you find a ringing or buzzing in your ears (tinnitus) after exposing yourself to noise, then the noise is likely to have been damagingly loud.
4. If a sound is painfully or uncomfortably loud, stop exposure immediately.

Consequences

• Hearing loss at certain frequencies. If noise is the suspected cause, this is termed noise-induced hearing loss.
• The hearing loss can be temporary, and recover within a day or two, or permanent, and not recover at all.
• If temporary, it should be taken as a warning that permanent damage is likely if this exposure is repeated.
• Loud noise exposure can sometimes cause a ringing or buzzing in the ears called tinnitus. Sometimes tinnitus goes away after a few minutes or hours after a loud noise exposure. However, sometimes it can persist for weeks, years, or even indefinitely, especially if you have a noise-induced hearing loss.

Prevention Tips

World Health Organization (WHO) has launched 'hearWHO', a free application for mobile devices which allows people to check their hearing regularly and intervene early in case of hearing loss. The app is targeted at those who are at risk of hearing loss or who already experience some of the symptoms related to hearing loss.

1. Remove yourself from the noise, reducing the time of exposure 
2. Take frequent breaks from the loud noise if you cannot remove yourself from the noise
3. If you know you will be in a noisy environment wear hearing protection to reduce the intensity of the noise eg. ear plugs or ear defenders
4. Limit the time and volume when listening to music through earbuds or headphones. As earbuds are placed directly into the ear this can boost the audio signal by as many as 9dB. Larger earmuff-style headphones are to be preferred. Another protective measure is to adhere to the 60/60 rule, which simply put means never turn your volume up past 60%, and only listen to music with earbuds for a maximum of sixty minutes per day. You can also get noise-cancelling headphones which will allow you to listen to music for a longer extension of time, at a much lower decibel level
5. At work your employer has a responsibility to protect your hearing and you should be issued with hearing protection if the noises you are exposed to are loud enough to be damaging. You must wear this hearing protection if it is issued.

References

• Anari M, Axelsson A, et al (1999). ‘Hypersensitivity to sound: questionnaire data, audiometry and classification.’
• British Tinnitus Association: How loud is loud?
• The Hearing Health Foundation
• Dangerous Decibels

Signs of hearing loss and red flags

Hearing loss can affect people of any age. The prevalence of hearing loss increases exponentially with age and approximately 42% of individuals over the age of 50 and 71% of individuals over the age of 70 have some degree of hearing impairment. Only one third of individuals who could benefit from hearing aids in the UK wear them.

Most age-related hearing loss is a gradual process, and often individuals will not notice that they are having difficulty hearing. Relatives, friends or carers may be the first people to notice that an individual may have a hearing loss. It is important to remember that even if someone can communicate on a one to one basis, in a quiet room without difficulty, that they may still have a hearing loss that will benefit from hearing aids.

It is important not to disregard communication difficulties as a dementia and behavioural related issue.

More information:

Potential indicators for hearing loss

• Age 50+
• Difficulty hearing in background noise such as pubs and restaurants
• Having to turn the TV up so that others complain about the volume
• Asking people to repeat themselves
• Unaware of conversation when the speaker is not facing the individual
• Speech sounds muffled or people do not speak clearly
• Avoiding social situations
• Withdrawal from conversation
• Mishearing, and inappropriate responding
• Unable to hear bird song
• Reporting tinnitus- noises in the ear, ringing, buzzing, whooshing etc.
• Difficulty hearing on the telephone

Other risk factors

• Family history
• History of occupational or social noise exposure
• Ototoxic medication- aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin) or chemotherapy drugs (platinum-based chemotherapy)
• Medical history: diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke, and autoimmune disorders

Red Flags

• Asymmetrical or Unilateral Hearing Loss - Age related hearing loss should be symmetrical. If an individual is reporting hearing loss that is greater in one ear than the other, then further investigation is required.
• Sudden hearing loss (over >72 hours or less) within the past 30 days is considered a medical emergency. Individuals should be seen within 24 hours by an ear, nose and throat service or an emergency department.
• If the hearing loss worsened rapidly (over a period of four to 90 days), refer urgently (to be seen within two weeks) to an ear, nose and throat or audiovestibular medicine service.
• For otalgia (earache) with otorrhoea (discharge from the ear) that has not responded to treatment within 72 hours and the individual is immunocompromised,refer to an ear, nose and throat service to be seen immediately within 24 hours.
• Persisting middle ear effusion in patients of Chinese or Southeast Asian origin
• Fluctuating hearing loss
• Hyperacusis (intolerance to everyday sounds that causes significant distress and affects a person’s day-to-day activities)
• Persistent tinnitus that is unilateral, pulsatile, has significantly changes in nature or is causing distress

Online hearing check

Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) has launched a new Check Your Hearing campaign to encourage people to take their quick, easy, and free online hearing check.

The digital check, which can be found on RNID’s website and is signposted by the NHS, takes only 3 minutes and can be done easily at home on a desktop, laptop or mobile. While the hearing check is accurate in identifying indicators of hearing loss, it is not a diagnostic tool. Therefore, RNID offers clear and concise next steps for people whose results show signs of hearing loss.

RNID also provides a letter that people can take to their GP explaining the result and recommended next steps for investigation and referral.

References:

• RNID: Facts and figures
• NHS England: Action plan for hearing loss
• Hearing Link: Facts about deafness and hearing loss
• The Lancet: Dementia prevention, intervention, and care
• RNID: Signs of hearing loss
• RNID: Other conditions that can affect hearing
• Mayo Clinic: Hearing loss
• Devina Maru and Ghada Al-Malky: Current practice of ototoxicity management across the United Kingdom (UK)
• Nice guideline [NG98]: Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management

Referral Guidelines Timeline

NICE guidelines: Hearing Loss in Adults was updated in September 2019. The recommendations on the timeliness of referrals for patients with a hearing loss to Ear Nose Throat (ENT) specialist, emergency department or audiovestibular medicine service are based on the guidance from the British Academy of Audiology and expert opinion in review articles.

The guideline covers timelines of when to:

• Sudden onset (over three days or less) unilateral or bilateral hearing loss which has occurred within the past 30 days and cannot be explained by external or middle ear causes
• Unilateral hearing loss associated with focal neurology
• Hearing loss associated with head or neck injury
• Hearing loss associated with severe infection, for example, necrotising otitis externa

• Sudden onset (over three days or less) unilateral or bilateral hearing loss which developed more than 30 days ago and cannot be explained by external or middle ear causes
• Rapidly progressive hearing loss (over a period of four to 90 days) which cannot be explained by external or middle ear causes.
• Suspected head and neck malignancy — refer using a two-week cancer pathway

• Unilateral or asymmetric gradual onset hearing loss as their main symptom
• Fluctuating hearing loss that is not associated with an upper respiratory tract infection
• Hearing loss associated with hyperacusis
• Hearing loss associated with persistent tinnitus which is unilateral, pulsatile, significantly changed or causing distress
• Hearing loss associated with persistent or recurrent vertigo
• Hearing loss that is not age related

• Diagnosed dementia or mild cognitive impairment
• Suspected dementia
• Diagnosed learning disability

If unsure if to refer to ENT or AVM or Audiologists, please refer to the referral pathways section of the toolkit.

Referral Pathways

Regional variations exist, please check local services.

Adult Rehabilitation (Audiology)

• Some audiology services are now taking direct referrals from age 16, but most take referrals from age 18 onwards or from age 50 onwards. Please check with local services for age criteria.
• A hearing assessment is undertaken and further management in the form of hearing aid provision or assistive listening devices
• Patients are followed-up and are routinely reassessed at the discretion of the local audiology service. Please refer to sections 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 in the NICE guidance NG98 for further details on assessment and management undertaken in audiology services.
• If an exclusion criterion is met during the patient’s assessment in audiology they will be referred onwards to the local Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT) Department, audiovestibular medicine (AVM) service, or GP for further investigation and management.
• The British Academy of Audiology has produced this 'Guidance for Primary Care: Direct Referral of Adults with Hearing Difficulty to Audiology Services' (PDF), which contains further details and explanation of the exclusion criteria.

ENT/AVM

• If patient meets any of the exclusion criteria outlined in the guidance, please refer onwards to the local ENT department, AVM, or specialist audiology practitioner depending on local services/protocols.
• Refer to AVM for complex hearing and/or balance disorders (i.e. central pathologies).
• Refer to ENT for conditions that may require surgical management (i.e. otosclerosis, otitis media with effusion, cholesteatoma etc

Audiology Led Clinics (ALC)

• Please check your local area if this service exists.
• It is a direct access clinic for adults aged 18 to 75 with non-complex: tinnitus and/or hearing loss or balance problems (peripheral, inner ear disorders i.e. BPPV, vestibular neuritis etc.) Patients are seen by audiologists with an extended scope of practice and expertise beyond routine hearing assessments.

Hearing Therapy/Clinical Psychology

• For patients who have had all necessary medical investigations completed by ENT/AVM, GP or audiologists
• Refer complex patients for counselling, habilitation and further management of tinnitus, hyperacusis, auditory processing disorder management, and mindfulness

Auditory Implant Services

• Please refer adults with severe to profound deafness for a cochlear implant assessment if they do not receive adequate benefit from acoustic hearing aids
• Please refer to NICE guidance for further details and criteria

Sensory Services

• Sensory services is under adult social services and is for those who are visually impaired, deaf or hard of hearing, or dual sensory impairments. The team provides specialist equipment to aid mobility, communication and daily living in response to assessed needs, for example, vibrating alarms, flashing smoke alarms, telecoil systems and others
• Please check with your local council.

Information and Support for Patients and Carers

• Association of Sign Language interpreters (ASLI)
• Association of LipSpeakers (ALS)
• Association of Verbatim Speech-to-text Reporters (AVSTTR)
• BID Services
• British Acoustic Neuroma Association (BANA)
• British Deaf Association (BDA)
• British Tinnitus Association (BTA)
• C2Hear
• Delta Deaf Education through listening and talking
• Deaf Blind UK
• DeafHope – Domestic Abuse Help
• The Deaf Health Charity: Domestic Abuse
• deafPLUS
• European Union of the Deaf (EUD)
• Hearing Dogs for Deaf People
• Hearing Link
• INTERPRETERNOW
• Ménière's Society
• National Association of Deafened People (NADP)
• National Cochlear Implant Users Association
• National Deaf Children’s Society (NDCS)
• Royal Association for Deaf People (RAD)
• Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID)
• Sense
• Shout - Crisis Text Line
• Sign Health
• United Kingdom Council on Deafness (UKCoD)
• UK Deaf Sport
• World Federation of the Deaf (WFD)

Psychosocial Effects of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss can have a major impact on daily functioning and quality of life of a person. It can affect communication, their occupation, social interactions leading to loneliness and affect their families. Research shows that hearing loss doubles the risk of developing depression and increases the risk of anxiety and other mental health issues, while many sufferers remain undiagnosed or untreated. It also suggests that the use of hearing aids reduces these risks and is cost effective. GPs should routinely screen for depression during consultations of patients with hearing loss.

Research around the experience of people with hearing loss and employment found that: 68% of people with hearing loss felt isolated at work because of their hearing loss and 41% had retired early due to the impact of their hearing loss and struggles with communication at work.¹

References

1. Hearing Link: Facts about deafness and hearing loss

Hearing Loss and the risk of developing dementia

A study in the Lancet found that hearing loss is a major risk factor of cognitive decline resulting in dementia. It is estimated that at least £28 million per year could be saved in England by properly managing hearing loss in people with dementia.¹

Evidence found that mild hearing loss doubles the risk of developing dementia, with moderate hearing loss leading to three times the risk, and severe hearing loss five times the risk. Hearing loss can be misdiagnosed as dementia or make the symptoms of dementia appear worse. Although dementia is diagnosed in later life, changes in the brain usually start developing many years before. The study looked at the benefits of building a "cognitive reserve", meaning that if the brain’s networks were strengthened, it could continue to function in later life regardless of the damage.^2,3

A study by the University of Exeter and King’s College London also found that people who wore hearing aids for age-related hearing problems maintained better cognitive functions than those with similar hearing who did not use them. Those who wore them had brains that performed as if they were, on average, eight years younger. NICE Guidelines state that hearing aids are the primary management option for permanent hearing loss.⁴

Individuals with memory complaints often present at their GP and assessment of hearing is now recommended as a first step in its investigation. The communication difficulties and misunderstanding caused by hearing loss commonly mimic memory loss. Screening for hearing loss in high-risk populations such as those attending memory clinics or people older in age has been suggested to ensuring hearing loss is identified and managed in a timely manner to facilitate healthy aging. It is accepted that earlier provision of hearing aids leads to better utilisation and concordance. Treating hearing loss in people with dementia also has the potential to reduce the severity of dementia related behaviours such as confusion and simplify communication with families and carers.

At Imperial College London, the Clinical Lead for Adult Audiology has conducted research around the relationship between hearing loss and dementia. A sound clip has been developed (available on the powerpoint on the GPVTS teaching and curriculum section). It demonstrates to clinicians administering cognitive assessments how a common age-related hearing loss can completely distort speech and negatively affect scores on these cognitive assessments. This is particularly in cases that require the patient to repeat back a sentence they have heard.

References:

1. Hearing Link: Facts about deafness and hearing loss
2. RNID: 'Why and how are dementia and hearing loss linked? Our Audiologist explains the latest research'
3. The Hearing Review: Nine Risk Factors Associated with Dementia
4. NICE, Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management. 2018, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Interpretation of Investigations

Please note an audiologist/AVM/ENT will send a summary/copy of the basic investigations below to you after the assessment has taken place.

Otoscopy

The British Society of Audiology produced a detailed procedure for ear examination.

Tuning Forks

Provides preliminary diagnostic information.

Rinne

• Comparison of air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) sensitivity
• Tuning fork is alternated between entrance of ear canal and mastoid process
• Rinne Positive: Tuning fork is louder via AC= sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)
• Rinne Negative: Tuning fork is louder on mastoid= conductive hearing loss (CHL)

Weber

• Test of lateralisation and therefore may be used for patients who report unilateral hearing loss.
• The tuning fork is placed midline on the patients’ forehead.
• If sound lateralises to ear with loss= CHL as the improved BC is due to the occlusion effect.
• If soundlateralises to ear without loss=SNHL or mixed hearing loss (MHL) as the best cochlea is detecting the signal. In normal hearing= midline

Types of hearing loss

• CHL is a result of dysfunction in the middle or outer ear (BC >AC)
• SNHL is a result of cochlea damage (sensory) and/or neural (8th nerve) (BC = AC)
• Mixed hearing loss is a combination of dysfunction in middle/outer ear and cochlea/8th nerve (A certain amount of AC and BC loss)
• Central hearing loss refers to everything in the auditory cortex (Brain) whereas peripheral hearing loss is the result of everything before the brain (outer, middle, inner ear)

Interpreting a Pure-tone Audiogram (PTA)

• An audiogram is a plot of frequency in Hertz (Hz) against intensity measured in decibels hearing level (dB HL). The frequency range for a PTA is 250 Hz to 8000Hz as this range of frequencies is similar to the range important for speech understanding.
• The intensity ranges from -10dB HL to 120dB HL. Thresholds (lowest acoustic intensity perceived at a given frequency) for both the right and left ear are plotted based on the frequency. Refer to image below.
• Masked AC/BC thresholds are an accurate assessment of the test ear.
• Further interpretation and explanations on Pure-tone Audiogram are available on the BSA website:

Interpreting a Tympanogram

• Tympanogram is graphic display of tympanic membrane compliance (ml or cm3) as a function of pressure changes in the external auditory meatus. See figure 1.

• Tympanometry is sensitive to middle ear effusion, cholesteatoma, ossicular adhesions, and space occupying lesions in contact with the eardrum, ossicular discontinuity, perforations and ear canal occlusions.
• The shape of the tympanogram should also be described and simple descriptions such as ‘normal’, ‘rounded’, ‘flat’, ‘wide’ or ‘W-shaped’.
• The BSA has further interpretation and explanations on Tympanometry.

Examples of Types of Hearing Loss

Conductive Hearing Loss

• An audiogram illustrating a mild conductive hearing loss in the right ear. The air-conduction thresholds for the right ear are shown as O’s and the masked, bone-conduction thresholds are shown as brackets.

• Examples of a conductive hearing loss included a perforated tympanic membrane, and otitis media with effusion etc.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

• An audiogram illustrating a mild-moderate, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear.

• Examples of a SNHL includes presbycusis, an acoustic neuroma, Meniere’s disease, and noise-induced hearing loss etc.

Mixed hearing loss

• An audiogram illustrating a moderate-to-severe, mixed hearing loss in the left ear. Both the air-conduction thresholds (X’s) and the bone-conduction thresholds (brackets) indicate hearing loss.

• Examples of mixed hearing loss includes otosclerosis, a SNHL with a perforation/otitis media with effusion.

References:

Balance differentials

Tinnitus: assessment and management

NICE guideline [NG155] Published: 11 March 2020

Introduction

Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of an external source, affects up to 1 in 5 people in the UK and significantly burdens healthcare resources.

Remember tinnitus is a symptom not a disease.

Prevention: Noise Exposure: 60/60 Rule

60/60 rule, never turn your volume up past 60%, and only listen to music with earbuds for a maximum of sixty minutes per day.

The rise in tinnitus numbers is due to the increasing and aging UK population. However, a recent study from Statistics Canada    revealed that 80% of adults aged 19 to 29 reported using headphones or earbuds connected to audio devices in the past year had rates of tinnitus over one third higher than for older adults.

Diagnoses not to miss

• Vestibular schwannoma: Benign tumour on 8^th cranial nerve/cerebropontine angle. Unilateral/asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, facial weakness/numbness
• Stroke: Patients presenting with the classic stroke symptoms may also have sudden onset tinnitus and/or vertigo and/or hearing loss if the arterial supply to the labyrinth is affected eg. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarcts
• Ménière’s disease (endolymphatic hydrops): Vertigo (lasting 20 mins - hours), tinnitus, fluctuating/sensorineural hearing loss, aural fullness
• Cholesteatoma: Epidermal skin from the ear canal or outside surface of the eardrum, does not belong in the middle ear. May present with otorrhoea, mixed or conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, facial nerve palsy
• Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a rapid loss of hearing that occurs suddenly or over a period of up to 72 hours. May present with tinnitus and vertigo
• Glomus jugulare tumour: Rare slow-growing, vascular tumours of a group called paragangliomas. The most common symptoms are deafness and pulsatile tinnitus. There may be associated vertigo

Examination

• Otoscopic examination
• Check cranial nerves for focal neurological signs
• Rinne and Weber tests

Rinne test

• Comparison of air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) sensitivity
  
• Tuning fork is alternated between entrance of ear canal and mastoid process
  
• Rinne Positive: Tuning fork is louder via AC = sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)
  
• Rinne Negative: Tuning fork is louder on mastoid = conductive hearing loss (CHL)
  

Weber test

• Test of lateralisation and therefore may be used for patients who report unilateral hearing loss.
• The tuning fork is placed midline on the patients’ forehead.
  
• If sound lateralises to ear with loss = conductive hearing loss as the improved bone conduction is due to the occlusion effect.
  
• If sound lateralises to ear without loss = sensorineural hearing loss or mixed hearing loss (MHL) as the best cochlea is detecting the signal. In normal hearing= midline.
  

Whisper test

A simple and accurate test for detecting hearing impairment:

1. The examiner stands at arm's length (0.6 m) behind the seated patient (to prevent lip-reading) and whispers a combination of three numbers and letters (for example, 4-K-2) and then asks the patient to repeat the sequence.
   
2. The examiner should quietly exhale before whispering to ensure as quiet a voice as possible.
   
3. If the patient responds incorrectly, the test is repeated using a different number/letter combination. The patient is considered to have passed the screening test if they repeat at least three out of a possible six numbers or letters correctly (i.e 50% correct).
   
4. Each ear is tested individually, starting with the ear with better hearing. During testing, the non-test ear is masked by gently occluding the auditory canal with a finger and rubbing the tragus in a circular motion.
   
5. The other ear is assessed similarly with a different combination of numbers and letters.
   

• Consider blood tests to rule out potential causes of tinnitus e.g. diabetes and thyroid tests.
• Offer audiometry to anyone who reports hearing loss or fails the whisper test, has unilateral tinnitus or tinnitus of more than 6 months duration.
• Explore effect on social wellbeing, QOL, daily activities (eg. via Tinnitus Functional Index questionnaire).

When to refer and timescales

Refer immediately for potential admission:

• To a crisis mental health management team for assessment for people who have tinnitus associated with a high risk of suicide
  
• Tinnitus associated with sudden onset of significant neurological symptoms or signs (for example, facial weakness)
  
• Tinnitus associated with acute uncontrolled vestibular symptoms (for example, vertigo)
  
• Tinnitus associated with suspected stroke symptoms
  

Refer to ENT for tinnitus assessment and management if:

• Tinnitus bothers them despite having received tinnitus support at first point of contact with a healthcare professional
• Persistent objective tinnitus
• Tinnitus associated with unilateral or asymmetric hearing loss

Consider referring to ENT for tinnitus assessment and management if:

• Patients have persistent pulsatile tinnitus
• Patients have persistent unilateral tinnitus

Patients who do not meet the criteria for ENT referrals or referrals for support can be managed in primary care.

1. Education

Many who present are concerned that tinnitus may be a sign of a more serious condition, or result in progressive hearing loss or deterioration. Therefore education is key:

• E.g. for those with mild symptoms, offer an explanation and an information leaflet

National support groups and resources to signpost patients to (see below for links):

• British Tinnitus Association
• Royal National Institute of Deaf People (RNID)

2. Medical Management

• There are no perfect studies looking at the treatment of tinnitus – they all have short periods of follow-up, there are no standardised assessments and risk of bias is high
  
• There are currently no medications, supplements or herbal remedies that have any evidence to significantly reduce the severity of tinnitus
  
• If there is co-existing psychological problems/insomnia, managing this with medication (in addition to other strategies) may reduce the impact of tinnitus on quality of life
  
• NICE advises not to offer betahistine to people with tinnitus as evidence suggests it does not improve tinnitus symptoms and has side effects notably in the gastrointestinal tract
  

3. Acoustic Stimulation

Possible strategies for those who do not require hearing aids include:

• Broadband noise generators (which are also available via tinnitus apps)
• Music

4. Psychological Treatments

There are two aims of psychological treatment:

1. To decrease the negative effect of tinnitus on the individual
2. To treat associated mental health problems, e.g. anxiety and depression

Psychological techniques you can consider signposting to or recommending:

1. Mindfulness
2. Relaxation training, because stress and tension impair the individual's ability to cope with tinnitus e.g. breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation
3. Attention refocusing

If a person does not benefit from the first psychological intervention or declines an intervention, then consider a stepped approach and referral to secondary care.

Psychological therapies for people with tinnitus-related distress

NICE recommends considering a stepped approach in the following order:

1. Digital tinnitus-related cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
2. Group-based tinnitus related psychological interventions including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), or CBT
3. Individual tinnitus related CBT

References

• British Society of Audiology - Tinnitus in Children Practice Guidance.2015
• British Tinnitus Association - What is tinnitus?
• GP Online - Red flag symptoms: Tinnitus. 2018
• Hearing Link - What is tinnitus?
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence - Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. NICE guideline 127. 2019.
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence - Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management. NICE guideline 98. 2018.
• NHS England - Joint Assessment Needs Assessment Guidance
• Statistics Canada - Tinnitus in Canada

Useful resources

Resources from the British Tinnitus Association:

• Web chat (available via the website)
• Take on Tinnitus
• Helpline – 0800 018 0527

Resources from Action on Hearing Loss:

• Tinnitus information line 0808 808 6666
• Email: tinnitushelpline@hearingloss.org.uk
• Textphone - 0808 808 9000

You may find it helpful to direct people to the BTA online shop to purchase additional equipment to help manage their tinnitus, such as sleep phones or pillow speakers:

• BTA shop

Specific resources for telephone/skype consultations, managing tinnitus whilst socially distancing:

• BTA are running online support groups, for more information: colette@tinnitus.org.uk
• BTAinformation on Social distancing and managing tinnitus
• Tinnitus Apps can be very helpful and BTA have compiled a list of different types ofapps

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

What is BPPV?

BPPV is the most common inner ear disorder causing vertigo, a sensation of spinning or dizziness. It occurs due to displaced otoconia (tiny calcium carbonate crystals) within the inner ear canals, triggering abnormal signals sent to the brain regarding head position.

Clinical presentation

• Brief episodes of vertigo (seconds to minutes) triggered by specific head movements (e.g., lying down, rolling over)
• Possible nausea and vomiting, imbalance or light-headedness, and nystagmus during vertigo episodes
• Hearing is NOT affected and tinnitus is not a feature

BBPV differentials

Please also refer to the balance differentials document for more information.

These are some of the main differentials to consider when evaluating a patient with symptoms suggestive of BPPV. It's essential to conduct a thorough history, physical examination, and possibly diagnostic tests to accurately diagnose the underlying cause of vertigo. Differentials of BBPV include: meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, central vertigo, vestibular migraine to name a few.

Assessment

Detailed history focusing on vertigo characteristics and triggers.

Examination is likely to be normal at rest in a sitting position.

Physical examination (full ENT, cardiovascular, neurological examinations) to exclude other causes.

Imaging is not required to diagnose BPPV, it is to rule out other causes.

Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre

(Be cautious if considering the Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre if the person has a neck or back problem, or cardiovascular problems such as carotid sinus syncope, as it involves turning the head and extending the neck)

To carry out the manoeuvre:

1. Advise the person that they may experience transient vertigo during the procedure.
2. Ask the person to keep their eyes open throughout the manoeuvre and to look straight ahead.
3. Ask the person to sit upright on the couch with their head turned 45 degrees to one side.
4. From this position, lie the person down rapidly (over 2 seconds), supporting their head and neck, until their head is extended 20-30 degrees over the end of the couch with the chin pointing slightly upwards and the test ear downwards. Support the head to maintain this position for at least 30 seconds.
5. Observe their eyes closely for up to 30 seconds for the development of nystagmus. If nystagmus is present, maintain the position for its duration (maximum 2 minutes if persistent) and note its duration, type, direction, and latency.
6. Record duration, severity, and latency of any vertigo.
7. Support the head in position and slowly sit the person up.
8. Repeat with the head rotated 45 degrees to the other side.

Referral for GPs (red flags) to ENT

• Admit the person to hospital if they have severe nausea and vomiting and are unable to tolerate oral fluids.
• Physical limitations affect the safety or practicality of carrying out canalith repositioning procedures in primary care.
• A canalith repositioning procedure (for example the Epley manoeuvre) has been performed and repeated, and symptoms are still present.
• Symptoms or signs are atypical.
• Symptoms and signs have not resolved in 4 weeks
• Uncontrolled vertigo despite appropriate CRM attempts.
• Suspected central nervous system involvement (e.g. stroke, tumour).

Management

1. Discuss the option of watchful waiting to see whether symptoms settle without treatment over a few weeks.
2. Consider suggesting Brandt-Daroff exercises which the person can do at home, particularly if the Epley manoeuvre cannot be performed immediately or is inappropriate. These exercises can improve balance and reduce dizziness after successful canalith repositioning manoeuvres (CRMs):

• Sit on the edge of a bed or couch with the eyes closed.
• Quickly lie down sideways on one side with their eyes closed so that they are lying on their side with the lateral aspect of their occiput resting on the bed, with the head positioned as if they are looking towards the ceiling (rotated 45 degrees upwards)
  
• Rest in this position for at least 30 seconds, until any vertigo subsides.
  
• Keeping the eyes closed, sit upright again, and remain in this position for 30 seconds.
• Repeat on the other side.
• Repeat the sequence 3–4 times until they are symptom free.
• Repeat 3–4 times a day until there have been 2 consecutive days without symptoms.

3. CRMs are highly effective exercises performed by a healthcare professional to reposition the displaced otoconia. Common CRMs include Epley maneuver and Semont maneuver.

(Be cautious performing the Epley manoeuvre if the person has neck or back problems, unstable cardiac disease, suspected vertebrobasilar disease, carotid stenosis, or morbid obesity)

Video of Epley maoeuvre

• Advise the person that they will experience transient vertigo during the manoeuvre.
  
• Stand at the side or behind the person to guide head movements. Maintain each head position for at least 30 seconds. If vertigo continues, wait until it has subsided.
  
• Ideally, movements should be rapid, within 1 second, but this is often not possible, particularly in older people. Expert opinion suggests that the procedure can be effective if movements are carried out slowly.
  
• Start with the person sitting upright with their head turned 45 degrees to the affected side, then lie them back (with their head still turned 45 degrees) until the head is dependent 30 degrees over the edge of the couch (as if performing the Dix-Hallpike manoeuvre). Wait for at least 30 seconds. Then:
  
• With the face upwards, but still tilted backwards by 30 degrees, rotate the head through 90 degrees to the opposite side.
  
• Hold the head in this position for about 20 seconds and ask the person to roll onto the same side as they are facing.
  
• Rotate the person's head so that they are facing obliquely downward with their nose 45 degrees below the horizontal
• Sit the person up sideways while the head remains rotated and tilted to the side.
• Rotate the head to the central position and move the chin downwards by 45 degrees.
  
• There is usually no need to advise the person of any positional restrictions after the procedure has been performed.

4. Medications: Not typically curative, but short-term use of antiemetics or vestibulosuppressants (suppress inner ear activity) may be considered for symptom relief e.g. prochlorperazine, cinnarizine.
   

References

• National Institute of Clinical Excellence
  
• American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

Paediatric Hearing - Foreign Body

Small children may put objects such as pips, beads and paper clips in their ears. Adults may get foreign bodies like toothpicks stuck in an attempt to use them to clean wax out of their ears. Organic foreign bodies are more likely to cause infection.

Keys to successful foreign body removal are adequate visualisation, appropriate equipment, a cooperative patient, and a skilled physician¹

Several points relating to management are noteworthy:

• Removal of the foreign body by syringing is not usually successful.
• If removal seems impossibly difficult then refer the job to someone skilled in this area - i.e. ENT
• An uncooperative patient may necessitate resorting to removal under general anaesthetic.
• After removal the tympanic membrane must be checked - there may be a perforation which must be treated.

The following should be avoided²:

• Use of a rigid instrument to remove a foreign body from an uncooperative patient's ear
• Removal of a large insect without killing it first
• Irrigating a tightly wedged seed from an ear canal. Water causes the seed to swell.
• Removal of a large or hard object with bayonet, alligator or similar forceps which may push them further into the canal

Indications for referral include¹:

• lack of expertise of clinician in removal of foreign body - the first attempt at removal has the greatest chance of success
• need for sedation
• trauma to ear canal or tympanic membrane
• foreign body is non-graspable
• foreign body touching the tympanic membrane
• tightly wedged foreign body
• sharp-edged foreign body
• unsuccessful removal attempts

References

1. Heim SW et al. Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat. Am Fam Physician 2007;76:1185-9.
   
2. Foreign Body in Ear. National Center For Emergency Medicine Informatics 2007
   

Paediatric Hearing - Otitis Externa (Swimmers Ear)

What is Otitis Externa (Swimmer's Ear)?

Otitis Externa, also known as swimmers ear (, is a common condition characterised by inflammation, infection, or irritation of the outer ear canal. It often occurs when water remains trapped in the ear after swimming or bathing, providing a moist environment conducive to bacterial or fungal growth.

• Acute otitis externa
• inflammation of <6 weeks
• rapid onset within 48 hours
• causes: bacterial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus.
• associated with underlying skin conditions including contact dermatitis; acute otitis media; trauma to the ear canal; foreign body or obstruction in the ear canal; and water exposure.
• Chronic otitis externa
• inflammation >3 months
• causes: fungal infection with Aspergillus species or Candida albicans
• associated with diabetes mellitus or other causes of immunocompromise; or fungal infection due to prolonged topical antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
  

Signs and symptoms of acute and chronic otitis externa:

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of otitis externa is primarily clinical and based on patient history and physical examination (otoscopy and check lymph nodes).

Ask about any possible causes or risk factors, including recent ear trauma, use of hearing aids or ear plugs, history of head or neck radiotherapy.

Additional tests such as ear swabs for culture and sensitivity may be conducted to identify the causative organism and guide treatment if the condition is severe or recurrent.

Management of Acute Otitis Externa

• Keep the ear dry and clean (eg. avoid swimming for 7-10 days)
• Consider use of over-the-counter acetic acid 2% ear drops or spray (for people aged 12 years and older) morning, evening, and after swimming, showering, or bathing, for a maximum of 7 days.
• OTC analgesia – paracetamol/ibuprofen
• Consider prescribing a topical antibiotic preparation with or without a topical corticosteroid for 7–14 days (please refer to your local guidelines).
• Arrange follow-up if no improvement within 48-72 hours of starting initial treatment, symptoms not resolved after 2 weeks, cellulitis present beyond ear canal 

Management of Chronic Otitis Externa

• Keep the ear dry and clean (eg. avoid swimming for 7-10 days)
• Consider use of over the counter (OTC) acetic acid 2% ear drops or spray (for people aged 12 years and older) morning, evening, and after swimming, showering or bathing for a maximum of 7 days 
  
• OTC analgesia – paracetamol/ibuprofen 
• Consider prescribing a topical ear preparation, depending on clinical judgement.
• If there are signs of fungal infection in the ear canal, options include:
• A topical antifungal preparation, such as clotrimazole 1% solution applied 2–3 times a day, to be continued for at least 14 days after infection has resolved.
• Clioquinol and a corticosteroid 2–3 drops twice daily for 7–10 days.
• Over-the-counter acetic acid 2% ear drops or spray (off label-indication, for people aged 12 years and older) morning, evening, and after swimming, showering, or bathing, for a maximum of 7 days.
• If there is suspected bacterial infection, manage as for acute otitis externa.
• If there is no obvious fungal or bacterial infection:
• Consider prescribing a topical corticosteroid preparation such as prednisolone ear drops 2–3 drops every 2–3 hours until symptoms improve, or betamethasone ear drops 2–3 drops 3–4 times a day. If symptoms improve, continue treatment using the lowest potency and/or frequency of application needed to control symptoms.
• If symptoms persist despite topical corticosteroid treatment, consider a trial of a topical antifungal preparation instead.

Paediatric Hearing - Otitis Media with Effusion (Glue Ear)

What is it?

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), also known as, Glue Ear is a condition characterised by a collection of fluid within the middle ear space without signs of acute infection. OME may be associated with significant hearing loss, especially if it is bilateral and lasts for longer than 1 month.

Causes

• Over 50% of cases are thought to follow an episode of acute otitis media, especially in children under 3 years of age
• Persistence OME may occur because of one or more of the following:
• Impaired eustachian tube function causing poor aeration of the middle ear.
• Low-grade viral or bacterial infection.
• Persistent local inflammatory reaction.
• Adenoidal infection or hypertrophy.

Symptoms

• Muffled hearing (most common)
• Difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments
• Earache (less common)
• Speech and language delays in children

Assessment 

1. Detailed history

Examining a child's medical history helps diagnose OME. 

Key points

Newborn hearing test: Checks for pre-existing hearing issues.

Hearing loss

• Difficulty understanding speech, especially in groups.
• Frequent requests to repeat things.
• High TV volume.

Ear discomfort

• Mild, occasional pain.
• Feeling of ear fullness or popping.

Tinnitus

• Ringing or buzzing in the ears.

Ear discharge

• Persistent, foul smell requires immediate medical attention.

Infections: Frequent ear infections, colds, or nasal congestion can increase risk.

Allergies: May contribute to Eustachian tube issues.

Sucking habits: Prolonged thumb sucking, pacifier use, or bottle feeding can be risky.

Snoring: May indicate breathing problems affecting the middle ear.

2. Examining with an otoscope is helpful, but a normal appearance doesn't rule out OME: 

Signs of fluid build-up (effusion) are more likely if the eardrum shows:

• Abnormal colour: Yellow, amber, or blueish tinge.
• Disrupted light reflex: Light reflection appears weak or scattered.
• Cloudy appearance: Eardrum looks hazy beyond normal scarring.
• Air bubbles or fluid line: Visible air trapped within the fluid.
• Shape changes: Eardrum appears sunken (retracted), pushed inward (concave), or bulging outward.

Examine to assess for other factors that may predispose the child to OME including: Craniofacial anomalies, for example, Down syndrome and cleft palate, adenoid hypertrophy, asthma (including the presence of wheeze or dyspnoea), eczema or urticaria, conjunctivitis.

3. Assess the severity of the hearing loss and the impact on the child’s life and developmental status by asking about the following:

• Fluctuations in hearing.
• Lack of concentration or attention, or being socially withdrawn.
• Changes in behaviour.
• Listening skills and progress at school or nursery.
• Speech or language development.
• Balance problems and clumsiness.

Management

1. For children with OME without hearing loss, provide reassurance that it will often get better over time and that no treatment is necessary. 50% of cases will resolve spontaneously within 6 weeks.
2. If OME with hearing loss referral to audiology for formal assessment with tympanometry and hearing testing.

• The following pharmacological treatments are NOT recommended for treating OME, as there is no evidence to support their use:

Antibiotics, antihistamines, mucolytics, decongestants, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, proton-pump inhibitors or anti-reflux medications.

Treatment can be grommet insertion. 

If they have the surgical option of grommet insertion, the following is advice for treatment of infection/otorrhoea after grommet insertion: Grommets usually stay in place for 6-12 months then fall out. 

• water precautions should be taken to keep the ear dry (such as avoiding swimming, and taking care when bathing or washing hair)
• use ear plugs or headbands if in contact with water
• consider ciprofloxacin for 5 to 7 days 

Children should be followed up periodically by a GP when discharged from ENT or sooner if symptoms re-occur. If any concerns, their hearing should be re-assessed by an audiologist. If symptoms of OME recur, refer the child back to an ENT specialist.

Support for the child in the environment

• Being close to and facing the child when speaking to them.
• Minimising background noise.
• Using visual aids.
• Informing their teacher that the child has OME, and asking if adjustments can be made in school to help (for example, taking the steps above and having the child sit near the front of class).
• Preparing the child for interventions and ongoing management.

Further reading and references

• NICE - Otitis media with effusion

OME under 12s Summary Decision Table to help parents understand the management options. It discusses the benefits, risks and practical considerations of each option: monitoring and support, auto-inflation, hearing aids, and grommets. Supportive strategies, for example modifying the environment and listening strategies.

• NICE - Otitis media with effusion in under 12s (PDF file, 298 KB)

GPnotebook - Otitis media (secretory)

Meniere’s Disease

Summary

Ménière's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that is characterised by episodes of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.

Signs and symptoms

Ménière's disease is characterised by spontaneous vertigo attacks, often described as spinning or rocking, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. 

After the acute vertigo attack, the individual may experience unsteadiness for several days. Tinnitus, typically described as 'roaring,' initially occurs during attacks but can become permanent over time, significantly affecting quality of life. 

Fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, primarily in low frequencies and usually unilateral at first, eventually becomes permanent and does not fluctuate as the disease progresses. 

Aural fullness, a sensation of pressure or discomfort in the ear, often precedes a vertigo attack and may occur during the episode, though it may not be present in advanced stages of the disease.

Usually, Ménière's disease manifests unilaterally, although bilateral cases have been reported, with symptoms not typically occurring simultaneously in both ears.

The attacks can involve predominantly aural symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, or ear fullness in the affected ear) and/or vertigo. These attacks typically last for a few hours, ranging from a minimum of 20 minutes to a maximum of 24 hours. They can occur in clusters over a few weeks, but periods of remission lasting months or years are also possible.

Assessment

• Head and neck examination findings are usually normal.
• Horizontal and/or rotatory nystagmus that can be suppressed by visual fixation may be present.
• The person may be unable to stand with their feet together and eyes closed (Romberg's test) or walk heel-to-toe (tandem) in a straight line.  
• If asked to march on the spot with their eyes closed (Unterberger's test), the person may be unable to maintain their position and will turn to the affected side.

Red flags

• Rule out a cerebrovascular event in people with acute vertigo.
  
• Red flags for central pathology that require immediate hospital admission include:
  
• New unilateral hearing loss.
• Focal neurological signs (facial weakness, diplopia, or limb weakness).

When to refer to ENT

If Ménière's disease is suspected, refer to ENT services to confirm the diagnosis.

A definite diagnosis requires all of the following criteria:

• Two or more spontaneous episodes of vertigo, each lasting 20 minutes to 12 hours.
• Audiometrically documented low-to-medium frequency sensorineural hearing loss in one ear
• Fluctuating aural symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, or fullness) in the affected ear.
• Not better accounted for by an alternative vestibular diagnosis. 

While awaiting referral, attacks of Ménière's disease–like symptoms may have to be managed in primary care.

Management

Reassure the person that although Ménière's disease is a long-term condition, vertigo usually significantly improves with treatment. 

Advise that an acute attack of vertigo will normally settle within 24 hours in most people. If there is no improvement after 5–7 days, or there is any deterioration in symptoms, alternative diagnoses should be excluded. 

• To help alleviate nausea, vomiting, and vertigo acute attacks consider prescribing a short course (up to 7 days) of prochlorperazine or an antihistamine (such as cinnarizine, cyclizine, or promethazine teoclate).
• For recurrent attacks consider prescribing a trial of betahistine to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks of hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo, for a length of time in accordance to patient’s response.

Aural Care

Ear Wax - Key Facts

Symptomatic ear wax is common with around 2.3 million primary care consultations a year. If earwax is contributing to hearing loss, other symptoms, or needs to be removed to examine the ear, NICE recommends removal (in adults) in primary care or community ear care services. Access to services is important as the condition is prevalent among older people and those with reduced cognitive function.

Effects

• Commonly presents with discomfort and sensation of fullness or blockage.
• Occasionally causes earache, tinnitus, itching or cough.
• Prevents diagnosis of other conditions, including hearing loss.
• Is a common cause of deafness and must be excluded or treated before referral to audiology?
• Can cause safety and occupational issues, for example, for builders, drivers, railway workers, police.

Diagnosis

• Can be confused with foreign material including cotton bud tips or wool.
• Even a small quantity may cause symptoms if resting against the eardrum.
• Wax may be of various colours or consistency.
• Rarely painful.

Prevention

• Items placed in ear can make the effect of wax worse, including cotton buds and hearing aids.
• Wax commonly exacerbates hearing loss, especially in older adults. Good practice includes preventive checks for people with reduced cognitive function.
• There is no good evidence preventive ear drops work.

Treatments

These include electronic irrigation, microsuction, mechanical removal with specially designed instruments, and self-irrigation. Relief of symptoms is almost immediate and appreciated by patients.

The practitioner must have training and expertise in using the method to remove earwax and be aware of its contraindications.

Never use metal or plastic syringes as they can be dangerous.

Some localities have purposive ear wax clinics which may be useful for more difficult cases. NICE advises that referral to secondary care is not an appropriate use of resources.

Irrigation with an electric irrigator is effective and can be carried out in the practice by a trained member of staff.

It should be recorded in the patient notes as ‘irrigation’ not ‘syringing’ as the latter refers to the obsolete method:

• two attempts may be needed
• drops may be instilled 15 minutes before irrigation, this can save patient appointments and clinician time
• poor evidence of any difference between drops (olive oil or sodium bicarbonate) other than side effects, so water can be used there is little evidence for courses of drops longer than 3-5 days help

Microsuction and mechanical removal (for example, with a Jobson-Horne probe) can be used where irrigation fails but are resource-intensive requiring skilled staff and equipment.

Self-irrigation with bulb syringes can be effective, reduce the demand for treatment (Coppin, 2011), and is commonly used in Europe and the US. An NHS treatment pathway from City and Hackney CCG is available online.

Reference

Coppin R, Wicke D, Little P. Randomized trial of bulb syringes for earwax: impact on health service utilization. Annals of Family Medicine. 2011; 9(2):110-4

Patient Support

RNID has produced advice on what to do if wax builds up.

References

• NICE Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management (2018) section 1.2 Removing earwax
• NICE Quality standard (2019): Earwax removal
• NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS) on Earwax (2016)
• Nursing Times: Advice for primary care (2019)

Assistive Technology

What are assistive listening devices?

Assistive listening devices are designed to help people with hearing loss hear better in certain situations, for example, when it’s difficult to hear speech in noisy places, or when watching TV. They amplify the sound they want to hear (make it louder) and send it straight to their ears, helping them to hear over background noise.

For non-hearing aid users, it is advisable to send them to have their hearing tested. If they are unable to use hearing aids (older patients with poor cognition and dexterity) personal amplifiers can be helpful. If they have a hearing aid and are continuing to struggle, assistive technology can help - especially in noisy places for example when they are trying to have a conversation or when the sound they want to hear is far away like the TV or at a theatre. The RNID website has more information on assistive technology.

If the person is still in employment, they can obtain assistive devices through the Access to Work government scheme. If they are still in education, they can obtain these devices through the Disabled Students’ Allowances scheme. For older adults who are not in employment, some boroughs may also be able to provide some equipment through their Sensory Services team if available.

The Veterans Hearing Fund funded by the Government and provided by the Royal British Legion, provides support to veterans who suffered hearing loss during service, but their needs cannot be helped through statutory services such as the NHS. The programme may be able to fund hearing aids, peripherals or therapies such as lip reading and tinnitus management therapies.

Communicating with people with hearing loss and deafness

BT provides a free of charge text relay telephone service, where the person with hearing loss receives text translation of what is being said over the phone. Video relay services are available for deaf BSL users where an interpreter will translate what is being said into BSL.

Communication Tips

1. Gain the person’s attention before you begin to speak.
2. Avoid speaking from another room. Place yourself at a reasonable distance so they can see your face and lips.
3. Avoid having the conversation with a lot of background noise.
4. Remember hearing aids will amplify all background noise, so speech can get lost.
5. Keep your face well lit. Do not stand with the light or a window behind you as your face will be in a shadow.
6. Do not cover your face or your lip movements.
7. Do not look away when talking.
8. Do not shout! Speak clearly and not too fast or too slow.
9. Repeat the sentence again (just once) if necessary, then rephrase.
10. Write down important facts - times, dates, names, places, instructions.
11. Be calm and patient and leave enough time for the consultation.
12. Gestures and facial expressions will help augment your message.

References

1. RNID: Communication tips if you have hearing loss
2. RNID: Communication tips for people with hearing loss
3. UCL: Deaf Awareness - Online Courses for Health Professionals

Practical Tips for your GP Surgery

• On the record communication card: RNID has produced a communication card which patients' can download and print, fill in, and hand to the GP receptionist, so that the GP surgery meets their needs as required under the NHS Accessible Information Standard.
• RNID created a summary of practical information to enable patients to contact their surgery more confidently, communicate well during appointments and fully understand the information given to them, that meets legal requirements of the accessible information standard.
• Speech to Text apps during consultations are useful where the patient cannot hear or struggles to lip read. There are many free downloadable speeches to text apps on phones where speech is converted into text for the patient to read.
• Deaf awareness training for all practice staff. The RCGP has accredited an online deaf awareness course. This two-hour self-directed course which enables understanding of the communication needs of Deaf and hearing-impaired patients. It provides practical workplace strategies to help meet the Accessible Information Standard. Videos of patients' and Doctor’s real-life experiences convey information and enrich the learning experience.
• InterpreterNow is a service that enables deaf and hearing people to communicate with each-other. They deliver immediate access to online interpreting for deaf British Sign Language (BSL) users. InterpreterNow already provides deaf people access to many different public, private and charitable organisations such as NHS England, Police 101, Public Health England and the Scottish Government.
• A personal listening device is a small, personal amplifier which is used for communicating with people who cannot hear at conversational levels. The patient wears headphones whilst the GP speaks into the microphone (amplifier). The patient or clinician can adjust the volume dial on the amplifier to suit the patient’s individual hearing loss.
• Telecoil System in GP surgeries practice will be beneficial for some people wearing hearing aids whom have the function to switch to the 'T' loop system to help reduce the unwanted background noise in the GP waiting area.

Consultations

Hearing aids are essentially amplifiers adjusted to the individual's frequency loss. While they improve hearing, the sensory organs remain damaged and deterioration will progress. The hearing aid requires reassessment and adjustment every few years. GPs are well placed to remind patients of this. This is done locally where their hearing aids were initially provided i.e privately, high street stores or through their local NHS audiology department.

Disposable parts of the hearing aid such as tubes and some ear moulds need replacing every few months if they are to remain effective. Patients are given this advice and guidance from their audiology service when initially given the hearing aids. If they are unsure, please direct them back to their original service.

The C2Hear website has interactive multimedia videos on hearing aids to aid your consultations.

Hearing Loss, a Global Problem

Around 466 million people worldwide (over 5% of the world’s population) have disabling hearing loss and 34 million of these are children. Disabling hearing loss refers to hearing loss greater than 40dB in the better hearing ear in adults and a hearing loss greater than 30dB in the better hearing ear in children.¹

Disabling hearing loss is unequally distributed across the world with the low- and middle-income countries affected the most. The greatest burden of disabling hearing loss is in the Asia-Pacific area, southern Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.²

It is estimated that by 2050 over 900 million people will have disabling hearing loss across the globe. Unaddressed hearing loss poses an annual global cost of US $750 billion. This includes health sector costs (excluding the cost of hearing devices), costs of educational support, loss of productivity, and societal costs.¹

Hearing loss has been ranked as the fifth leading cause of years lived with disability in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, higher than many other chronic diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, hearing loss receives limited research funding, public awareness and is presented as a silent epidemic. Global multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts are urgently needed to address the health needs of the child and adult with hearing loss.²

Interventions to prevent, identify and address hearing loss are cost-effective and can bring great benefit to individuals. Despite the fact that hearing loss can be prevented and treated, many people with hearing loss in both resource-poor and high-income settings do not seek or receive hearing health care, and the current production of hearing aids meets less than 10% of the global need and less than 3% of developing countries’ needs. The lack of availability of services for fitting and maintaining these devices, and the lack of batteries are also barriers in many low-income settings.²

In developing countries, children with hearing loss and deafness rarely receive any schooling. Improving access to education and vocational rehabilitation services and raising awareness especially among employers about the needs of people with hearing loss, will decrease unemployment rates for people with hearing loss.

Screening can be done using the hearWHO app. This app can be downloaded and used by adults to check and track their hearing regularly. It can also be used by health workers to screen people in the community with a view to referring them for hearing testing, when indicated.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) suggests that half of all cases of hearing loss can be prevented through public health measures. Some simple strategies for prevention of hearing loss include immunisation, avoiding the use of ototoxic drugs, early identification and intervention for both acute and chronic ear conditions, following healthy ear care practices, reducing exposure (both occupational and recreational) to loud sounds by raising awareness about the risks, developing and enforcing relevant legislation and encouraging individuals to use personal protective devices such as earplugs and noise-cancelling earphones and headphones.¹

Educating young people and population in general on hearing loss, its causes, prevention and identification is essential. WHO suggests governments and manufacturers of smartphones and MP3 players to implement the WHO-ITU global standard for personal audio systems and devices.

If adhered to, the standard could help prevent hearing loss due to listening practices that are harmful to hearing. In 2017, the 70^th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution on the prevention of deafness and hearing loss. This resolution calls upon Member States to integrate strategies for ear and hearing care within the framework of their primary health care systems, under the umbrella of universal health coverage. It also requests WHO to undertake a number of actions for promotion of ear and hearing care at global level.

A few actions WHO have already undertaken include:

• promoting safe listening to reduce the risk of recreational noise-induced hearing loss through the WHO Make Listening Safe initiative
• launching and hosting the World Hearing Forum, which is a global advocacy alliance of all stakeholders in the field of hearing.
• launching and promoting the WHO-ITU global standard for personal audio systems and devices;
• promoting World Hearing Day as an annual advocacy event;
• providing technical support to Member States in development and implementation of national plans for hearing care

References

1. WHO: Deafness and hearing loss - key facts
2. The Lancet: Hearing loss - an important global health concern

Information for NHS Managers and Carers

NHS England Commissioning Services for People with Hearing Loss: A framework for clinical commissioning groups or networks

The commissioning framework is designed to support the commissioning of non-specialist services for people with hearing loss, across a spectrum of providers to improve quality, access and consistency; therefore, benefitting the people who need to use hearing loss services. The framework provides clear guidance on what good commissioning for hearing loss services looks like. Responsibility is placed firmly at a local level to meet the needs of varying populations. The framework aims to support the delivery of more integrated hearing services, closer to home delivering better outcomes and value for people with hearing loss.

The document sets out clear information and guidance on the following topics

1. Why we need a Commissioning Framework for Hearing Services
2. What Matters to People with Hearing Loss
3. Principles for Commissioning Hearing Services
4. Planning Hearing Services
5. Securing Hearing Services that Deliver Improved Outcomes and Value
6. Monitoring for Quality Improvement
7. Commissioning Models – Case Studies
8. Moving Forward

NHS England has published the full commissioning framework online.

Key points and important messages for GPs from the hearing loss commissioning framework

Local commissioning services should be aware of the impact of hearing loss and its association with physical health, mental health, dementia, falls and other health issues. These remain as policy priorities for the Government and the NHS along with addressing the continuing variation in access and quality of hearing loss services.

The Adult Hearing Service must be seen as part of wider integrated adult health and social care hearing services that work in partnership with GPs, primary health care teams, ENT departments, audio-vestibular medicine (AVM) audiology departments, local authorities (including social care and educational services), the voluntary and community sector and independent providers.

The Hearing Loss and Deafness Alliance has developed principles to help inform the commissioning of services to protect and deliver complete hearing wellbeing for individuals and populations. The main themes for the principles are focused on ensuring that commissioning:

• Promotes excellence in outcomes for patients;
• Is clinically and service user led;
• Supports evidence-based practice; and
• Facilitates choice and flexibility in provision of services

It is very important that a clear local pathway is developed and understood to deal with ear wax before audiological assessment is undertaken; visits to audiology, prior to wax being checked and removed, are a significant source of inappropriate referrals.

The NICE guidance 2018 (NG98) and NICE Quality standard (2019) are clear that such a common condition should be treated by trained staff in primary care. Commissioners should ensure that they commission services with the appropriate equipment, capacity and expertise to carry out earwax removal for adults in primary or community care. For adults with earwax that is affecting hearing, causing other symptoms, stopping appropriate ear examination or blocking an impression of the ear canal to be taken, earwax removal closer to home should be provided. Ideally this would be in primary care or community-based ear care services, preventing the inappropriate use of specialist services.

Community-based aftercare support significantly reduces the burden on audiology departments, contributing to significant cost savings for the system. It also reduces unnecessary GP appointments and other health and social care interventions resulting from basic needs not being met.

Hearing aids, information, tinnitus retraining therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and other specialist support are among the services that can provide help for people with tinnitus, which are usually accessed in audiology departments after referral from the GP.

Providers should provide domiciliary care to individuals who require it – the Provider should provide all parts of the service at the patient’s domicile (including residential or nursing homes) where this is requested in writing by a GP.

Commissioning should be outcome driven. Figure 1. Sets out the key outcomes for hearing services.

Example hearing services pathway can be seen on figure 2.

Key Performance indicators for non-specialist hearing services include:

Referral to Assessment - Time Assessments to be completed within 16 working days following receipt of referral, unless patient requests otherwise.

Assessment to Fitting - Time Hearing aids to be fitted within 20 working days following assessment, unless patient requests otherwise

Reference:

1. NHS England: Commissioning Services for People with Hearing Loss - A framework for clinical commissioning groups

Quality Improvement Initiatives

Hearing impairment can have a major impact on daily functioning and quality of life. It can affect communication, social interactions and work, leading to loneliness, emotional distress and depression. The RCGP is working in partnership with RNID on the Deafness and Hearing Loss in Primary Care project. This project will create resources to help give GPs confidence to recognise symptoms of hearing loss and appropriately refer people for a hearing assessment. The project seeks to support the implementation of changes in surgeries to improve access to primary care services.

Hearing loss affects around 12 million people across the UK. Due to our aging population, this expected to rise to 14.2 million by 2035. There is a clear foundation for providing access to healthcare for people with hearing loss set by the Equality Act and Disability Discrimination Act 1995. From August 2016, all NHS and social care providers have been required to meet the terms of the Accessible Information Standard (section 250 of the Health and Social Care Act 2012).

Evidence shows there is a severe lack of deaf awareness amongst GPs and patients end up feeling unclear after a consultation. This short powerful video highlights the importance of deaf awareness and the need for good communication skills amongst health professionals.

The process of improving quality in general practice is continuous

In January 2019, NHS England agreed a new five-year framework for GP contract reform to implement the NHS Long Term Plan. This included several improvements to 2019-20 Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) (1.19 MB PDF), including the introduction of the Quality Improvement (QI) Domain.

The challenge of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the healthcare we offer to our patients is continuous. QI represents one way for clinicians to improve the care they provide to patients whilst also improving their own professional satisfaction. A QI plan may include government-selected items but can also incorporate areas reflective of your practice setting which your staff and patients feel are important.

Here are some suggestions for QI initiatives in your practice in relation to deafness and hearing loss:

• Deaf Awareness Training: Provide deaf awareness training for all practice staff including effective communication tips, types of communication support available and good practice.
• Accessibility: Ensuring your practice has a range of ways for patients to contact their GP surgery and ensure that practice staff are trained in how to use these methods. Remembering that a patient who is deaf or has hearing loss may have difficulty hearing over the phone. Having policies and procedures in place to enable communication support such as BSL interpreting services to be booked as and when required.
• Communication: Implementing technology within the practice that can help improve the patient experience for people with hearing impairment, such as visual display screens in waiting rooms and induction loop or infrared systems.
• Patient Records: Your QI project could involve reviewing the notes of patients and ensuring patient records clearly indicate when a person has a hearing impairment. You could include basic information about their preferred method of communication and any communication support requirements.
• Mental Health: Hearing impairment can have a major impact on daily functioning and quality of life. It can affect communication, social interaction and work. This can lead to loneliness, emotional distress and depression. Screening questions can be used to identify patients in need of support, so they can then be treated and signposted to voluntary support organisations.

The RCGP QI Guide is a resource which can be used to understand the principles and tools of QI. The guide introduces the simple QI Wheel for primary care (see visual representation below). This illustrates the main elements to consider in design, delivery and evaluation of a QI project and brings it together as a cohesive whole.

QI Ready is a useful online tool developed by the RCGP to help implement and embed new QI approaches more effectively and efficiently into practice. It includes e-modules, resources and tools to help you with your quality improvement in practice. It also provides access to case studies which you can duplicate, thus preventing you from 're-inventing the wheel', and a network to link with others to help you and give advice.

GPVTS Teaching and Curriculum

Powerpoint to present at your VTS scheme

Download Deafness and Hearing Loss in Primary Care presentation (2,121 KB PDF)

Examples of regional GPVTS teaching around Deafness and hearing loss

• “We have run ENT mornings, part of which deals with hearing loss and reading audiograms”
• “We arranged for the RNID to send one of their hearing-impaired trainers to come and lead a session for us - it was very professional and impactful”
• “Sign language session; session from GP with special interest in ENT covering some aspects of hearing loss”
• “Sessions on dizziness, neuro-otology, general ENT, hearing protection/UK noise protection regulations”
• “We have had a session on disability that included how to adapt consulting for patients with deafness. We plan a session next year with a patient and a local charity specifically focussing on sensory impairments”
• “Session on sensory deprivation in the elderly which included hearing loss and was presented by one of our ST1 to our trainees”
• “Veterans - we have compassion cases where we may role play a person with hearing difficulties and the challenges it poses in a consultation”
• “Talks from ENT include section on H-L”
• “performing arts medicine - which covers noise-related hearing loss”

RCGP Learning: Essential CPD for Primary Care

• Essential Knowledge Update Screencast: Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management
• Essential Knowledge Update Online E-Learning: Hearing loss in adults: assessment and management
• Essential Knowledge Update - Tinnitus: assessment and management

Examples of Innovation

North Wales Audiology Primary Care Service

North Wales Audiology Primary Care Service is an example of innovation in hearing services in primary care. The first clinics started December 2016 and over 22,000 patient contacts have been recorded since its conception. The purpose of the service is to direct patients with reported hearing loss, tinnitus and symptoms of dizziness likely attributed to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) to an audiologist in a primary care setting, preferably as the first point of contact.

Patients can self-refer, be triaged by trained reception staff, referred by their GP following a telephone or face to face consultation or from the Practice Nurse or other health professionals such as pharmacy or physiotherapy. The advanced audiology practitioners (AAP) currently hold specialist clinics in 39 GP practices across North Wales. A cluster-based approach is utilised in some areas and enables three or more GP practices to be covered from one location.

The audiologist has a 25-minute appointment to assess and treat, reassure and discharge, triage patients to secondary care audiology or ENT services, or refer back to the GP when necessary. The aims of the service are to reduce the demand on GP appointments by directing patients to AAPs, rather than reducing secondary care services which are still provided in the hospital. The improved integration between primary and secondary care Audiology services will assist with patient care and appropriateness of onward referrals to both Audiology and ENT.

Innovation in England - Hearing Birdsong

Hearing Birdsong is a new innovative project utilising an environment created with the sounds of birdsong to help participants understand the health of their hearing and identify any problems. It is a patient-led project that brings together art, science and technology to encourage early identification and intervention of hearing loss.

The concept was born at a two-day ‘sandpit innovation workshop’, inspired by Angela’s story of being motivated to get her hearing tested after losing the ability to hear birdsong. The ‘hackathon’ type workshop was run by the NIHR Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre.

The project is led by Tom Woods (Kennedy Woods Architecture) with a diverse Steering Group and funding from the UCL Centre for Co-production in Health Research. Design engineers from the Dyson School of Design Engineering (Imperial College, London) have modulated six familiar bird calls to match the frequency bands of a traditional hearing test. Visitors are invited into a safe space to interact with the exhibition and listen to the birdsongs emitted from beautiful handmade bird boxes. For visitors struggling to hear any of the bird calls, this can be an indicator that further medical investigation into their hearing is required. Healthcare professionals will be on site for further support, of which the exact details are being defined.

The first public installation was in March 2019 at the Helix Centre Pop-Up, St Mary’s Hospital. 120 visitors attended the installation, nine people signed up for a hearing test at the hospital. The team is now working with harder to reach groups to hold the installation in diverse areas in London. They are currently developing a fully bespoke software interface with interactive elements, which is closer to a “screen” and will continue to co-produce the project with the diverse stakeholders.

Queen’s University Belfast, Ireland

‘I’m sorry but I didn’t hear that….’: developing a simulation-based hearing impairment learning experience for healthcare professional students. Living with hearing impairment, and deafness, can have a significant impact on individual’s lives and wellbeing. This is now more important within healthcare – particularly within GP consultations and the crucial reliance on the understanding of the spoken word.

Many have called for greater training of healthcare professionals in how best they interact with individuals with such communication disorders. Evidence would suggest that allowing doctors to experience what the patient feels and hears can enhance their empathy skills towards patients. An interprofessional team at Queen’s University Belfast (QUB) have been developing a VR experience - of a patient (with hearing impairment) consulting with a GP. In addition to the visual experience, experts from the Sonic Arts Research Centre (SARC) at QUB have developed a realistic aural experience of from the perspective of impairment, and also deaf charities, in developing this immersive learning experience. Currently the team are researching the impact of this education experience and look forward to sharing their findings in early 2020.

Podcasts

Deafness and hearing loss in primary care: In conversation with a patient with hearing aids and an audiologist

This podcast has been produced for primary care clinicians who care for patients with Deafness and hearing loss. Dr Devina Maru, GP Specialist Registrar and RCGP Clinical Champion for Deafness and hearing Loss, speaks to Linda Parton, a patient who wears hearing aids, about the challenges accessing GP services if you have a hearing loss and how GPs can help support patients in the community. This episode is packed with useful information for clinicians and is a must for anyone who would like to better support the needs of people with hearing loss. She also speaks to Frankie Oliver, an audiologist, about the range of services and technology used by audiology services. These podcasts were recorded in February 2020 in London.

Podcast transcript

Deafness and hearing loss in primary care: In conversation with a GP and an ENT surgeon

This podcast has been produced for primary care clinicians who care for patients with deafness and hearing loss. Dr Devina Maru, GP Specialist Registrar and RCGP Clinical Champion for Deafness and hearing Loss, speaks to Dr Graham Easton, a GP with interest in ENT and contributor to NICE guideline development on hearing loss. She also interviews former ENT surgeon, Dr Krishan Ramdoo, now GP Speciality Registrar and NHS England Clinical Entrepreneur, who has developed an innovative product to improve wax removal services. Both discuss better ways GPs can help support patients in the community.

This episode is packed with useful information for clinicians and is a must for anyone who would like to better support the needs of people with hearing loss. These podcasts were recorded in February 2020 in London.

Podcast transcript

COVID-19 and Patients with Deafness and Hearing Loss

Last update 3 September 2020

Communication Tips

A document from charity RNID, giving some simple accessibility tips for ensuring good communication with patients (129 KB DOC) with deafness and hearing loss during the pandemic.

Remote Consulting

Some tips for remote consulting:

• Ask for and meet communication needs where possible Instead of using the telephone, where possible use video conferencing tools and add live captioning through video conferencing software
• Utilise RelayUK for people with hearing loss
• Utilise Video Relay Services, such as InterpreterNow, for British Sign Language users

British Sign Language (BSL) interpreters

BSL Health Access service provides immediate, on-demand access to BSL interpreters for communication with Deaf people in all health settings, including pharmacy, opticians, general practice and dentists, free of charge during the current coronavirus situation. Access to BSL interpreters take place through two methods: Video Relay Services (VRS)—when a BSL interpreter relays information over a telephone call between a BSL user and the hearing person receiving or making the call; and Video Remote Interpreting (VRI)—where a remote interpreter is used to facilitate communication with a Deaf and hearing person in the same location.

Audiology services in the UK

Audiology and Otology guidance during COVID-19 (1.61 MB PDF) - from UK's audiology professional bodies - 1 September 2020

Resources

• RNID - coronavirus response
• RNID - Support for health and social care professionals
• British Deaf Association
• Royal Association for Deaf people
• SignHealth - Online domestic abuse support
• deafPLUS charity’s BSL advice
• Enabled Living set up
• British Tinnitus Association
• Carmedic digital flashcards

Articles for Further Reading

• D/deafness and solidarity in the COVID-19 pandemic, British Medical Journal (BMJ) - May 2020
• COVID-19: The communication needs of D/deaf healthcare workers and patients are being forgotten, British Medical Journal (BMJ) - May 2020
• Global audiology during COVID-19, ENT and Audiology News - June 2020
• The best and worst face masks for speech, University of Illinois - August 2020
• Communicating with people with hearing loss: COVID-19 and beyond, BJGP Open - January 2021

Further Reading

Positioning manoeuvres to diagnose BPPV

• British Society of Audiology: Position tests (PDF)
• Uneri A, Polat S. Vertigo, dizziness and imbalance in the elderly. J Laryngol 546 Otol 2008; 122: 466-9.
• Dix MR, Hallpike CS. The pathology, symptomatology and diagnosis of certain 515 common disorders of the vestibular system. Proc Royal Soc Med 1952; 45: 516 341-354.
• Baloh RW, Honrubia V, Jacobson K. Benign positional vertigo: clinical and 502 oculographic features in 240 cases. Neurology 1987; 37: 371-378.

Repositioning Manoeuvres

• Scenario: Management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Vestibular Migraine Management

• NICE CKS: Scenario: Migraine in adults
• Li Vivien, McArdle Helen, Trip S Anand. Vestibular migraine BMJ 2019; 366 :l4213
• Dieterich M, Obermann M, Celebisoy N. Vestibular migraine: the most frequent entity of episodic vertigo. J Neurol. 2016;263 Suppl 1:S82–S89. doi:10.1007/s00415-015-7905-2
• Kaski, D. Neurological update: dizziness. J Neurol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09748-w

Abnormal Head Impulse Test: Central vs Peripheral

• Huh YE, Kim JS. Bedside evaluation of dizzy patients. J Clin Neurol. 2013;9(4):203–213. doi:10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.203
• Baloh, R. W. (1998). Differentiating between peripheral and central causes of vertigo. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 119(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0194-5998(98)70173-1

HINTS Exam- Ruling out Central Pathology

• The evaluation of a patient with dizziness
• Dizziness: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Management - Book by Adolfo Bronstein and Thomas Lempert
• A Textbook of Audiological Medicine: Clinical Aspects of Hearing and Balance - Linda Luxon, Joseph M. Furman, Alessandro Martini, S. Dafydd G. Stephens
• Current practice of ototoxicity management across the United Kingdom (UK)
• Deafness. InnovAit: Education and inspiration for general practice
• Supporting adults with hearing loss in primary care, BJGP 2018
• Handbook of clinical audiology, Authour: Jack Katz