References

  • Adamson DL, Nelson-Piercy C. Managing palpitations and arrhythmias during pregnancy. Heart. 2007 Dec;93(12):1630-6. 
  • Adlan AM, Eftekhari H, Paul G et al. The Impact of a Nurse-Led Syncope Clinic: Experience from a single UK tertiary center. J Arrhythm. 2020 Aug 31;36(5):854-862. 
  • Alpert JS. Syncope in the Elderly. Am J Med. 2019 Oct;132(10):1115-1116.
  • Benbadis SR, Chichkova R. Psychogenic pseudosyncope: an underestimated and provable diagnosis. Epilepsy Behav. 2006 Aug;9(1):106-10.
  • Bergau L, Sohns C, Sommer P. Unexplained syncope in a young athlete: the diagnostic process to find the diagnosis-a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2022 Jan 31;6(1):ytac018.
  • Bhatia M, Kavi L, Nelson‐Piercy C. Postural tachycardia syndrome and pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2018;20: 119-123.
  • Blad H, Lamberts RJ, van Dijk GJ et al. Tilt-induced vasovagal syncope and psychogenic pseudosyncope: Overlapping clinical entities. Neurology. 2015 Dec 8;85(23):2006-10.
  • Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J. 2018 Jun 1;39(21):1883-1948. 
  • Dhutia H, Sharma S. Cardiovascular screening of young athletes with electrocardiography in the UK: at what cost? Br J Cardiol 2017; 24: (1).
  • DVLA. Assessing fitness to drive: a guide for medical professionals. Feb 2024. [accessed 21 May 2024]. 
  • Goliasch G, Kammerlander AA, Nitsche C et al. Syncope: The Underestimated Threat in Severe Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Feb;12(2):225-232.
  • Grossman SA, Badireddy M. Syncope. 2023 Jun 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. 
  • Hajduczok AG, Ruge M, Emery MS. Risk Factors for Sudden Death in Athletes, Is There a Role for Screening? Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2022;16(10):97-109.
  • Hansen BL, Jacobsen EM, Kjerrumgaard A et al. Diagnostic yield in victims of sudden cardiac death and their relatives. Europace. 2020 Jun 1;22(6):964-971.
  • Hughes DC, Orchard JW, Partridge EM et al. Return to exercise post-COVID-19 infection: A pragmatic approach in mid-2022. J Sci Med Sport. 2022 Jul;25(7):544-547.
  • Joglar JA, Kapa S, Saarel EV et al. 2023 HRS expert consensus statement on the management of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Heart Rhythm. 2023 Oct;20(10):e175-e264.
  • Kavi L. Postural tachycardia syndrome and long COVID: an update. Br J Gen Pract. 2021 Dec 31;72(714):8-9.
  • Kavi L. Transient loss of consciousness (TLoC) in primary care: a review of patients presenting with first blackout. Br J Cardiol 2017;24:62-5.
  • Kavi L, Nuttal M, Low D et al. A profile of patients with postural tachycardia syndrome and their experience of healthcare in the UK. Br J Cardiol 2016;23:33.
  • Kenny RA, Brignole M, Dan GA et al. Syncope Unit: rationale and requirement--the European Heart Rhythm Association position statement endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace. 2015 Sep;17(9):1325-40. 
  • Krywko DM, King KC. Aortocaval Compression Syndrome. 2023 Aug 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–.
  • Kuiper A, van Egmond ME, Harms MP et al. Clinical Pearls - how my patients taught me: The fainting lark symptom. J Clin Mov Disord. 2016 Nov 2;3:16. 
  • Malhotra A, Dhutia H, Finocchiaro G et al. Outcomes of Cardiac Screening in Adolescent Soccer Players. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 9;379(6):524-534.
  • McLintock B, Reid J, Capek E et al. Unscheduled care bed days can be reduced with a syncope pathway and rapid access syncope clinic. Br J Cardiol 2019;26:133–6.
  • Miller AJ, Raj SR. Pharmacotherapy for postural tachycardia syndrome. Auton Neurosci. 2018 Dec;215:28-36. 
  • Mital R, Henry K. Abstract 11318: A Rare Case of Stretch Syncope of Adolescence Masquerading as Carotid Artery Dissection and Carotid Sinus Syndrome. Circulation 2022; 146: A11318.
  • Mizrachi EM, Sitammagari KK. Cardiac Syncope. 2023 Apr 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. 
  • Ng J, Sheldon RS, Ritchie D et al. Reduced quality of life and greater psychological distress in vasovagal syncope patients compared to healthy individuals. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2019 Feb;42(2):180-188. 
  • NHS. Cardiomyopathy. May 2023. [accessed 21 May 2024].
  • NHS East Genomics. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD). [accessed 21 May 2024].
  • NHSGGC Paediatrics for Health Professionals. Reflex Anoxic Seizures in Children: Advice for Referrers. [accessed 21 May 2024]. 
  • NICE CKS. Blackouts and syncope. Nov 2023. [accessed 21 May 2024]. 
  • NICE. CG109. Transient loss of consciousness ('blackouts') in over 16s. Nov 2023. [accessed 21 May 2024]. 
  • O'Dwyer C, Bennett K, Langan Y, Fan CW, Kenny RA. Amnesia for loss of consciousness is common in vasovagal syncope. Europace. 2011 Jul;13(7):1040-5. Electrophysiol. 2019 Feb;42(2):180-188.
  • Pabba K, Chakraborty RK. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome. 2023 Aug 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–.
  • Parry SW, Steen IN, Baptist M. Amnesia for loss of consciousness in carotid sinus syndrome: implications for presentation with falls. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jun 7;45(11):1840-3.
  • PoTS UK. GP Guide: PoTS on a Page. [accessed 21 May 2024].
  • Rathore G, Larsen P, Fernandez C et al. Diverse presentation of breath holding spells: two case reports with literature review. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2013;2013:603190.
  • Raj SR, Fedorowski A, Sheldon RS. Diagnosis and management of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. CMAJ. 2022 Mar 14;194(10):E378-E385.
  • Raj SR, Guzman JC, Harvey P et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Position Statement on Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and Related Disorders of Chronic Orthostatic Intolerance. Can J Cardiol. 2020 Mar;36(3):357-372.
  • Saedon NI, Pin Tan M, Frith J. The Prevalence of Orthostatic Hypotension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Jan 1;75(1):117-122.
  • Tannemaat MR, Thijs RD, van Dijk JG. Managing psychogenic pseudosyncope: Facts and experiences. Cardiol J. 2014;21(6):658-64.
  • UK NSC Screening committee. Adult screening programme. Sudden cardiac death. 2019. [accessed 21 May 2024].
  • Wieling W. Observations of a syncope doctor during self-induced (near) syncope episodes. Clin Auton Res. 2021 Feb;31(1):43-45.
  • Zaidi A, Clough P, Cooper P et al. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: many seizure-like attacks have a cardiovascular cause. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000 Jul;36(1):181-4. 

Date of publication: 29 November 2024